Methodology / Approach
This section outlines the system circuit design and hardware methodology adopted for the project.
Embedded Files
System Circuit
Below are the detailed connections for the system and the laser detection module.
Figure shows the physical connections of the data center intelligent safety system components to the ESP32 microcontroller using a breadboard. All sensors, including the DHT11, Flame sensor, MQ2, and LDR, are powered through the red 3.3V rail of the ESP32, while their ground pins are connected to the blue GND rail. The LDR circuit located in the center of the breadboard. Actuators, which are the buzzer and servo motor, are connected and powered through the same rails. Jumper wires are used for all signal connections. Female to female wires is used to reach all the GPIO pins since the ESP32 size did not completely match the breadboard.
Figure shows a detailed LDR circuit. LDR is implemented in the center of the breadboard with a 120 kΩ resistor in a voltage divider circuit. The resistor and LDR share the same power and ground rails. The laser beam is directed to the LDR sensor. When the laser beam is blocked, the LDR resistance increases, making a change in voltage that is read by the ESP32 through GPIO 39.
Hardware Components
Hardware Components
The Intelligent Data Center Safety System uses affordable and reliable hardware to monitor environmental conditions and provide physical security.
ESP32 Microcontroller
The ESP32 microcontroller is considered the core or brain of the system. It comes with five main parts, which are 36 GPIO pins, a boot button to start the board, a reset button to quickly restart it, a USB UART bridge, and a micro-USB port for powering and uploading code. These parts make the ESP32 the central piece that brings all the sensors and actuators to life. The ESP32 can communicate using Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. Supports 802.11 Wi-Fi standards and can work as a station to connect to the Internet, with speeds up to 4 Mbps .
MQ-2 (Gas/Smoke sensor)
MQ-2 is a sensor capable of detecting gases such as LPG, alcohol, propane, methane, and hydrogen . It has four pins in total. Two for digital or analog output and the remaining pins for power (voltage) and ground. The MQ-2 sensor has many uses, including detecting gas leaks in homes and maintaining air quality . The MQ-2 is used in the proposed system to help detect possible threats such as gas and smoke within data center room .
DHT11 (Temperature and Humidity sensor)
DHT11 is sensor that measures both temperature and humidity. It works by combining a capacitive element to sense humidity and a thermistor to measure temperature . It's useful for environmental monitoring, control, and automation projects . DHT11 is used in the system to monitor the ambient temperature and humidity inside the data center.
Infrared Flame Detection Sensor
The Infrared Flame Detection Sensor is used to detect the radiation that comes from the flame of fire .The flame sensor can receive 3.3V or 5V and provides a detection range of approximately 1 meter. It has both digital and analog outputs, which gives us the flexibility of changing the sensitivity of it. It can be used in projects such as Fire Detection and Alarm Systems, Robotics, and Automation Projects . It is considered one of the most important sensors in the proposed system, as the data center is a room filled with high powered devices that generate high heat, which could potentially cause a fire.
4X4 keypad
A 4x4 keypad module has 16 buttons set in four rows and four columns . Although these keypads may come in different sizes, they all work the same way and use the same pin layout. The module includes eight terminals, with four for the rows and four for the columns. Each button links to a specific row and column, allowing the system to identify which key is pressed .
LDR (light sensor)
LDR is a small, cheap sensor that measures light by changing its resistance. As the light gets blocked, the LDR resistance goes down, which means there is less voltage across it. In the dark, its resistance goes up, so the voltage across it increases . The LDR is used to detect any interruption in the laser beam, allowing the system to notify when an object or person blocks the beam from reaching the sensor.
Buzzer
Active buzzers are the most straightforward type of sound component to use. They make a sound directly after receiving power. They are called active because they have a built-in oscillator circuit. In the proposed system, the buzzer interacts with all components and activates when certain thresholds are exceeded.
SG90 servo motor
A servo motor is a special kind of motor that moves according to specific commands. While regular motors spin continuously until you switch them off, a servo motor turns to a set angle and then stops, waiting for the next command. It can control its position very accurately because it uses a feedback system called a servomechanism. Servomechanism basically means the motor always checks its own position and corrects itself if something is off. The servo motor will be used to operate the secure door automatically.
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